SYPHILIS,syphilis symptoms,what is syphilis,syphilis test

 SYPHILIS IS : a sexual transmitted disease caused by spirochetal bacterium Treponema pallidum a motile anaerobic.

• Transmission : is almost always through sexual contact or congenitally through the placenta to a foetus or at birth from an infected mother.

• Different manifestations occur depending on the stage of the disease

                       Primary Syphilis

• It’s the first stage after infection.

• Painless & localized ulcer with rolled edge (chancres)

• Single or multiple

• Appear 2-3 weeks after contact

• Most common site are cervix, vagina, vulva, anus and mouth

• Regional lymphatic node become enlarged

Incubation period 9-90 days, usually <21 days Develops at site of contact/inoculation

Classically : single, painless, clean-based, indurated ulcer (increasing fibrous material), with firm, raised borders. Atypical presentations may occur.

Mostly anogenital (related to anus and genitals), but may occur at any site (tongue, pharynx, lips, finger, nipples, etc)

Non-tender regional adenopathy Very infectious

May be darkfield positive but serologically negative

Untreated, heals in several weeks, leaving a faint scar.

                               Secondary Syphilis

   

• The skin rash : Diffuse; often with a superficial scale (papulosquamous); may leave residual pigmentation or depigmentation

• Condylomata Lata : formed by coalescene of large, pale, flat-topped papules; occur in warm, moist areas such as the perineum (the area between the anus & scrotum); Highly infectious.

• Mucosal lesions : 30% of secondary syphilis patients develop mucous patch (slightly raised, oval area covered by a greyish white membrane, with a pink base that does not bleed). Highly infectious.

• Systemic : 1-6 months after contact; fever, malaise, general adenopathy and non-itchy maculopapular skin rash “money spot”; involve the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet; mucous patches and linear (snail track) ulcers are seen on the mucosal surfaces.

Seen 6 weeks to 6 months after primary chancre

• Usually diffuse non-pruritic, indurated rash, including palms & soles.

• May also cause : fever, malaise, headache, sore throat, myalgia (pain in a muscle), arthralgia (related to joint pain), generalized lymphadenopathy; hepatitis (10%)

• Renal : an immune complex type of nephropathy with transient nephrotic syndrome (kidney disease); iritis (an inflammation of middle layer of eye) or an anterior uveitis

• Bone : periostitis (inflammation of the membrane enveloping a bone)

• CSF pleocytosis (large number of lymphocytes) in 10-30% (but, symptomatic meningitis is seen in <1%)

Differential diagnosis of Secondary Syphilis

• The rash may be confused with pityriasis rosea (a skin rash begins as a large spot on the chest); drug eruptions; acute febrile exanthems (skin rash) ; psoriasis (a condition in which skin cells build up & form scales and itchy, dry patches) ; lichen planus (an inflammatory condition of the skin and mucous membranes); scabies (a contagious, intensely itchy skin condition caused by a tiny burrowing mite)

• The mucous patch may be confused with oral thrush ( fungal infection of mouth).

• Malaise, sore throat; generalized adenopathy, hepatitis & rash may be confused with infectious mononucleosis (extreme fatigue). accuracy is 99%.

 

Latent Syphilis

• Positive syphilis serology without clinical signs of syphilis (& has normal CSF).

• It begins with the end of secondary syphilis and may last for a lifetime.

• Pt may or may not have a primary or secondary syphilis

• Diseases known to cause occasional false-positive nontreponemal test reactions for syphilis, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (autoimmune disease in which body’s immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue in many parts of the body) (SLE), and congenital syphilis must be excluded before the diagnosis of latent syphilis can be made.

• It is divided into early and late latency.

(1) Early latent :

• The first year after the resolution of primary or secondary lesions, or

• A reactive serologic test for syphilis in an asymptomatic individual who has had a negative serologic test within the preceding year.

• infectious

(2)Late latent :

Usually not infectious, except for the pregnant woman, who transmit infection to her foetus

Latent Syphilis / Tertiary Syphilis

• It is the destructive stage of the disease.

• Lesions develop in skin, bone, & visceral organs (deep down of organ) (any organ).

• The main types are : late benign (gummatous/ non-cancerous tissues formed during late stage of syphilis); cardiovascular; neurosyphilis

• It can be crippling and life threatening.

• Blindness, deafness, deformity, lack of coordination, paralysis, dementia (memory loss) may occur.

• It is usually very slowly progressive, barring certain neurologic syndromes which may develop suddenly due to endarteritis (an inflammation of the inner lining of an artery) and thrombosis (local coagulation or clotting of the blood in a part of the circulatory system) in the CNS.

• Late syphilis is non-infectious

• Positive syphilis serology without clinical signs of syphilis (has normal CSF)

• It begins with the end of secondary syphilis and may last for a lifetime

• Pt may or may not have a primary or secondary syphilis.

• Disease known to cause occasional false-positive nontreponemal test reactions for syphilis, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and congenital syphilis must be excluded before the diagnosis of latent syphilis can be mode.

• It is again divided into early and late latency

• Latent syphilis :

       Absent of symptoms or physical finding.

    • I/3 proceed to tertiary

 

• Tertiary syphilis :

• Occur :1-10 years after infection

• Gummas : ulcerative nodule in the skin, bone and nervous system as a result of heper-sensitivity reactions

• Systemic manifestation: CVS, CNS and bone

Conenital Syphilis :

• Mode of transmission :

• Trans placental passage from infected mother

• At birth

• Congenital infection is associated with several adverse outcome including :

• Low birth weight

• Premature birth

• Congenital abnormalities

• Miscarriages or death of baby

Early

• Skin lesions, maculopapular tissue

• Lymphadenopathy

• Hepatosplenomegaly

• Failure to thrive

• Jaundice, anaemia

• osteochondritis

 

Late :

gummites ulcers

bony prominence of forehead saddle nose

short maxilla (jaw bone)

keratitis (inflammation of the cornea of the eye) nerve deafness and dental deformities

Diagnostic Evaluation of Syphilis


• Direct detection of Treponema pallidum
• Nontreponemal Serological Tests
• Treponemal Serological Tests

TESTS FOR DIRECT DETECTION OF T. pallidum

• Animal Inoculation

• Dark Field microscopy

• Direct fluorescent antibody testNONTROPONEMAL SEROLOGICAL TESTS

Serological nontreponemal tests

• VDRL (Venereal disease research laboratory test)

    • USR (Unheated of serum regain Test)  

• Macroscopic nontreponemal tests

• RPR (Rapid plasma regain test)

• TRUST ( Toluidine red unheated serum test)

• Direct tests for T. pallidum in tissue sections

• Nucleic acid amplification methods

TREPONEMAL SEROLOGICAL TESTS

• FTA-ABS (Fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test)

• FTA-ABS double staining (Fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption double staining test)

• TP-PA test (Treponema pallidum particle agglutination test)

• Western blots

• ElAs (Enzyme immunoassays) / Rapid tests

Animal Inoculation

• Oldest method for detecting infection

• Most sensitive method for detecting infectious treponemes and is used as the gold standard for measuring the sensitivity of methods such as the PCR

• Rabbit is most commonly used

• Any source of specimen can be used as long as the material is less than 1 h old or was frozen immediately after collection

• Inoculation of sample : intra-testicular or intradermal

• Incubation period : inversely proportional to the size of inoculum

• Sensitivity of RIT approaches 100% if the number of organisms exceeds 23 and patient has not received antibiotic treatment.

Dark Field Microscopy

• One simplest and most reliable for the direct detection of T. pallidum

• exudates and fluids from lesions are examined as a wet mount

• Examination should be done immediately

• Most productive during 1*, 2*, early relapsing, and early congenital syphilis when lesions contains large numbers of treponemes (chancres, condylomata latum, or mucous patches)

dengue, dengue fever

 ALTERNATIVE NAMES :

▪ Haemorrhagic dengue

▪ Dengue shock syndrome

▪ Philippine haemorrhagic fever

▪ Thai haemorrhagic fever

▪ Singapore haemorrhagic fever

Dengue Haemorrhagic fever is an acute infectious viral disease usually affecting infants and young children. This disease used to be called break-bone fever because it sometimes causes severe joint and muscle pain that feels like bones are breaking.

▪ It is a severe, potentially deadly infection spread by certain species of mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti)

▪ Philippine haemorrhagic fever was first reported in 1953. in 1958 haemorrhagic fever became a notifiable disease in the country and was later reclassified as Dengue haemorrhagic fever.

SIGNS AND SYPTOMS :

▪ An acute febrile infection of sudden onset with clinical manifestation of 3 stages :

▪ First 4 days – Febrile or Invasive stage : high fever; abdominal pain and headache; later flushing which may accompanied by vomiting, conjunctival infection and epistaxis (bleeding from the nose).

▪ 4th – 7th days – Toxic or Haemorrhagic stage : lowering of temperature; severe abdominal pain; vomiting and frequent bleeding from gastrointestinal tract in the form of haematemesis (vomiting of stomach contents mixed with blood) or melena; unstable blood pressure; narrow pulse pressure; shock

▪ 7th – 10th day – Convalescent / recovery stage : generalized flushing with intervening areas of blanching appetite (digestion becoming regular) regained; blood pressure becoming stable.

Classification :

▪ Severe, frank type : with flushing, sudden high fever, severe haemorrhage, followed by sudden drop of temperature, shock and terminating in recovery or death.

▪ Moderate : with high fever, but less haemorrhage, no shock.

▪ Mild : with slight fever, with or without petenchial (red / purple spot) haemorrhage but epidemiologically related to typical cases usually discovered in the course of investigation of typical cases.

ETIOLOGIC AGENT :

▪ Flavivirus, dengue virus type 1,2,3, & 4

▪ Chikungunya virus

SOURCE OF INFECTION :

▪ Vector mosquito : Aedis aegypti; Aedis albopictus

▪ The infected person

▪ INCUBATION PERIOD :

▪ Uncertain : from 6 days to 7 days

▪ PERIOD FOR COMMUNICABILITY :

▪ Unknown. Presumed to be an the first week of illness when virus is still present in the blood.

EXAMS AND TESTS :

▪ Physical examination may reveal the following : low blood pressure; a weak & rapid pulse; rashes; red eyes; red throat; swollen glands; enlarged liver (haepatomegaly)

▪ Tests include : haematocrit (ratio of the volume of rbc to the total volume of blood); platelet count; electolytes; coagulation studies; liver enzymes; blood gases; tourniquet(device for stopping the flow of blood through a vein/artery) test ( causes petechiae below the tourniquet); x-ray of the chest; serologic studies; serum studies from samples taken during acute illness and convalescence (high in titre to dengue antigen)

METHODS OF PREVENTION AND CONTROL :

▪ The infected individual, contacts and environment :

▪ Recognition of the disease; isolation of patient; epidemiological investigation; case finding and reporting; health education.

Control Measures :

▪ Eliminate the vector by : changing water and scrubbing sides of lower vases once a week; destroy breeding places of mosquito by cleaning surroundings; proper disposal of rubber tyres, empty bottles, & cans.

▪ Avoid too many hanging clothes inside the house

▪ Residual spraying with insecticides

    

Video by Ravi Kant from Pexels